Relationship Between Business And Finance And Accounting

In the world-at-large, Finance and Accounting are often erroneously linked together. As if to say, they are one-and-the-same – a sort of a misnomer, you can say. In conversations concerning both disciplines, the colloquial marriage of both business sectors is as common place as light is to the day. It is true, that to successfully manage a business, both principles must be applied in equilibrium to replicate success in any organized venture; however, their differences are highlighted in training and practice, and are applied in different ways professionally, as well as in one’s personal life. Yadda! Yadda! Yadda! I feel like a boring Accountant describing journal entries and T-Charts! To T-rade or to T-Chart: that is the question, whether tis nobler in the mind to suffer the pangs of Accounting, or the slings and arrows of outrageous fortunes of Finance†¦ a reinterpretation of the famous Hamlet line. Oops! I digressed a bit. Finance and Accounting are held under t he umbrella of Business Management, they are two different disciplines in study and practice. As a Business major with experience in both disciplines, I can understand the difficulty in separating the two fields and their applications. Accounting is carefully recording monetary transactions for analysis and future reporting. It involves the tedious, yet necessary, task of balancing incoming monies for application against outgoing invoices of debt; and managing the value of large purchases, as they lose value overShow MoreRelatedDetermining Financial Viability699 Words   |  3 PagesDetermining Financial Viability Accounting and finance are closely related to a certain extent in which both deal with the financial aspects of a company. Accounting and finance work together in creating â€Å"a company’s budget or working capital analysis† (Wise-Geek, 2012, p. 1). 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Multi-Modal Transport System Effects on Selection of Global Supply Free Essays

string(411) " more than one mode is mostly profitable to organisation \(Murphy and Farris, 1993\) but depended on type of freight and relative distance but is it that simple in present world\? Multimodal/ Intermodal Transportation System Multimodal and intermodal being the two words used in literature with synonymous meaning of: ‘usage of one or more than one mode of transport’ innocently interoperated occasionally\." UNIVERSITY OF GLAMORGAN BUSSINESS SCHOOL| Globalization of Logistics and Supply Chain: Selection Of Global Supplier Over Local Impacts On Sustainability of Supply Chain| Key words : Sustainable Supply Chain, Multi- modal/Intra-modal Transport, Transport modes, Logistics, Operations, Sustainability, Triple bottom line| | Aqeel Iqbal| 15-Apr-13| This paper is conceptualizing on combination of transport modes organisation use to maintain sustainability in their supply chain by keeping the carbon foot print to minimum, this paper utilizes desk research to evaluate the impact of this approach on the organisations who prefer global suppliers over local evaluating the trade-offs these organisations need to make in order to maintain an equilibrium of sustainability in their supply chain concluding on the fact that dependent on an organisational willingness to be environmentally sustainable future most practices don’t need a choice of cost over environment but some need sacrifice of at least one to maintain sustainability. | Introduction This research paper is aimed to critically evaluate and answer the research question of: how selection of global over local suppliers affects organisation’s sustainable supply chain strategy while considering the impact of ‘‘multi-modal’/‘intramodal’ ch oice’ and what trade-offs does these organisations need do in order to achieve this? To answer this research question it is essential to address two wide areas in business literature, gaining an understand of what these areas actually mean to an organisational operational strategy: first being identification of different intramodal/multimodal transport choice used in local and global supply chains; whereas the second to critically evaluate why priority is given by different organisations to select global suppliers over local, while achieving reasoning from prospective of different Industries and organisations within those industries for the trades-off they are willing to do in order to implement selected means in to practice, while maintaining the sustainability of their supply chain. This paper divided into four nterlinked parts will use desk search to grasp understanding on wide topics of present transportation modes, multi-modal/intramodal transportation system, and sustainability of supply chain (focusing on logistics and operation function) and Impacts of select ing global supply chain; dividing each part by sub-research questions asked to the reader at end of each part; While concluding the paper on the notion that selection of the mode depends on trade-offs an organisations is willing to make between being ecological sustainable to cost and service. We will write a custom essay sample on Multi-Modal Transport System Effects on Selection of Global Supply or any similar topic only for you Order Now Transportation modes at present In the past decades the transportation system has been regarded as a separate function and an additional cost to the organisations supply chain (Huge-Brodin, 2013); which has also often been likened with the objective of cost minimisation rather than a value adding factor (Cunningham, 1982). However, this long-established concept has been critiqued to be a value added activity in the supply chain from literature of twenty first century (E. Bo and Hammervoll, 2010; Freight best practice, 2013; Huge-Brodin, 2013) based on the emerging demand for advanced logistics services and the globalization trends, demand in cutting of lead period, short product life cycles, and increased technology use and outsourcing trends (Anthony D. Ross, 2012). This notion has lead organisations consider flexible and effective freight flow which can match and fulfil organisation needs dependent on their market and environment (Cunningham, 1982; Murphy and Farris, 1993; Huge-Brodin, 2013). In order to understand how to use the right transportation mode freight movement it is eminent to know different transportation methods used by organisations at present and critically evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of each of them (see Appendix A B). (Appendix AB) does not show one of the major transport mode pipeline mainly because of its use in movement of specific kind of freight like oil and gas thus not firmly a modal choice it has a high initial cost of setup but is full reliable cost effective and environment friendly (CEFIC, 2011; Freight best practice, 2013). There are four major categories of freight transport used presently: inland water and sea, air, pipeline, and land. Whereas most literatures in the past categorised land into sub modes in order to evaluate the effectiveness of them as Road and Rail (Murphy and Farris, 1993; Freight best practice, 2013); thus for the purpose of this paper five inclusive the sub categories will be used. Maria Feo-Valero and her colleagues (Feo-valero, Menendez and hidalgo, 2011) in a review to bibliography has highlighted Freight Value Of Time (FVOT) as a scale for the methods of transport mode selection; based on the rate of substitution between travel cost and time called value of time (VOT) as different modes vary majorly in consciences of amount they carry in given time and the cost to the organisation (Feo-valero, Menendez and hidalgo, 2011) . As different organisations in the same industries have different priories of transport mainly dependent on their locations, sustainability, market share, quantity, size and weight of inventories (Carter and Rogers, 2008; Meixell and Mario, 2008) as an example retail industry consists a combination of deep-sea mode which commute inventories internationally (may contain inventories for various competitors within the same region in a container (Fawcett and Mangan, 2002; Pettit, Liu and Beresford, 2011)) then through either rail or road depended on inventory size, weight, type and location of main warehouse and sustainable practice of the organisation is selected from which may be distributed via road transport either to depot or directly to the retail store (Wu and Dunn, 1995; Huge-Brodin, 2013). The FVOT value has been an important addition to the logistics planning following the concept of cost reduction with less recognition over time but similar frameworks illustrate results which h ave been used to optimize time and cost of transportation of freight (Murphy and Farris, 1993; Carter and Rogers, 2008). Which lead managers and academics to a conclusion that combination of more than one mode is mostly profitable to organisation (Murphy and Farris, 1993) but depended on type of freight and relative distance but is it that simple in present world? Multimodal/ Intermodal Transportation System Multimodal and intermodal being the two words used in literature with synonymous meaning of: ‘usage of one or more than one mode of transport’ innocently interoperated occasionally. You read "Multi-Modal Transport System Effects on Selection of Global Supply" in category "Papers" Thus it is important to address this for the purpose of this paper: intra-model transport with only one significant difference to multimodal is that the freight being transported are not handled on every occasion when the mode of transport is changed (Freight best practice, 2013) in opposition to multi-modal where freight are andled each time for example in case of container caring automobile that arrive at de ep sea port is opened and cars remove from the container are loaded on a auto-transport trailer to carry by the trailer to showroom (Worthington and Britton, 2006). For the purpose of this paper multi-modal will be used to demonstrate more than one of transport. Multi-modal transportations have answered to the cost reduction of the orthodox literature on reduction of cost and time freight transport: as discussed earlier in the retail example for the ship carrying inventories of different competitors in a shared container reducing cost by sharing of container, and dependent on the agile approach of any of these competitor time frame of getting inventors from deep sea port to stores can be reduced by using road mode rather than rail (Logistcs Cluster, 2011). As the field of transportation evolved â€Å"Deregulation of the rail and trucking industries, implementation of innovative manufacturing strategies such as Just in Time (JIT),increased emphasis on quality management† (Meixell and Mario, 2008) and stakeholder (R. E. Freeman, 1984) consideration have all contributed to cause complexity in transportation selection (Murphy and Farris, 1993) developing the traditional view of just selecting the mode and type of carrier (Meixell and Mario, 2008). In present time logistics/operation manages are bound to understand the Industries challenges faced by the organisation as explained by (Meixell and Mario, 2008) in their paper comparing â€Å"Transportation capacity shortage, and International growth, Economies of scale and scope, Security concerns, Environmental and energy used†. As research carried by (Pettit, Liu and Beresford, 2011) on the extraction and transportation of iron ore from Australia to China utilizing multimodal transportation relied on more convectional mode of transport Deeps Sea for country to country transportation but other than that saw were some limitations imposed on multimodal transport options for bulk cargoes. As Iron ore flows are typically as â€Å"high volume – high weight – low value and transhipment is time consuming, energy intensive and expensive† thus minimising the modes of transportation and limiting â€Å"large number of transhipment points†. As the research question point out need to investigate the sustainable options to transport the next parts of the essay will achieve an understanding: Is global multi-modal transportation a sustainable option for an organisations supply chain and what trade-offs are organisations willing to make in order to implement this modal in their supply chain? In order to answer this it is critical to first grasp an understanding of what sustainable supply chain means to an organisation? Sustainability of Supply Chain Shareholder theory stating the organisations primary focus being increasing shareholders wealth (Friedman, 1970) has overly been critiqued by the stakeholder theory over the topic of ill consideration of environmental and social sustainability (R. E. Freeman, 1984; Jensen, 2002; Murphy, 2012). Sustainability as defined by (Worthington and Britton, 2006: 510) â€Å"An approach to economic growth and development which takes account of the social and environmental consequences† also referred to as the triple bottom line approach (Elkington, 1994; Carter and Rogers, 2008; Seuring and Muller, 2008). Supply chains by definition necessitate organisations to work collectively with the purpose of adding value to the customer by physical movement of goods. In present world combination of different supply chains have come together to form a supply web (Poter. M. E, 1985,1996; Handfield and Nichols, 2002). As the research question only relates with the impact of the multi-modal choice impact on the supply chain thus functions supporting function from Poter’s value chain model are side lined and emphases is given on the inbound/outbound logistics and operations (Poter. M. E, 1985,1996) value chain model (explaining supply chain as a combination of value adding activates within an organisational structure). Inbound/Outbound logistics being one of the most important function of the supply chain (Carter and Rogers, 2008) has been linked to sustainability because of inclusion of one the most costly and environmentally harmful sub-function (transport function) in it (Huge-Brodin, 2013) as according to (CEFIC, 2011) report Transport including freight accounts for 20% of all EU’s green house gas emissions which was projected to raise to 30% by 2020 if precautions are not taken. Sustainability a wide topic in itself has been of great interest to all the stakeholders in present time especially to customers, governments and non-Governmental organisations (NGOs); Pressurising organisations to operate in environmental and social friendly manner and demanding transparency from organisation supply chains (Carter and Rogers, 2008; CEFIC, 2011; Freight best practice, 2013). This transparency majorly driven y corporate reporting, â€Å"Interoperable software and globalization of supply chainsâ €  making it hard and risky for an organisation to do corporate unethical activities (Carter and Rogers, 2008)as: in case logistics external stakeholders are mainly interested in the economical and the environmental impact on sustainability for example raised awareness in sustainability of environment presently as consumers looking at carbon foot print (total amount of carbon emission done in to getting the product to the end user (Freight best practice, 2013))before purchase of a product (Anthony D. Ross, 2012); Carbon footprint is one of most important variable, while calculating environmental sustainability (Anthony D. Ross, 2012; Carter and Rogers, 2008; Feo-valero, Menendez and hidalgo, 2011). As all three Economical, social and Environmental impacts are considered while making a mode selection, (Carter and Rogers, 2008) drew a wider picture of implications in the their version of triple bottom line(3BL) (see Appendix C)by including the risk management, organisational culture, transparency and organisational strategy as the factors basing the triple bottom line of an organisation. Whereas placing a question mark at being good which relates the social and environmental factors of 3BL following the viewpoint of some scholars like (Walley and Whitehead, 1994) stating â€Å"environmental and social initiatives are costly undertakings† (Carter and Rogers, 2008). In contrast to statement by (Walley and Whitehead, 1994) some logistics and operations functions fall in the category of being sustainable in all forms as resulted in a study done in 1980 on 45 firms in Denmark; results found suggested 20 out of 45 to be cost saving options (Dielman and de Hoo, 1993) for example: efficient routing of transport, reducing packaging, improving operational order in warehouses and having fuel efficient transportation, (Carter and Rogers, 2008) and reverse logistics for some Industries as the fabricated metal products industry and electric/electronic products industry used as topic of research by (Talbot, Lefebvre and Lefebvre, 2007). According to (Wagner, 2005) In practice, organisation try hard to achieve a win-win situation when considering the economic and the environmental aspect; but when it comes to trade-offs based on the analysis of all there dimension (Seuring and Muller, 2008) have rated the economic dimension of being the most important from the view of the organisation explaining the notion that â€Å"without economic success, there would be no supply chains† whereas trade-offs between environmental and social dimension dictions have not been clear (Wagner, 2005). This now leads to the question of: Are global multi-modal sustainable and what trade-offs does an organisation need to make while selecting them? Global Supply chain Impacts and Trade-offs Following the challenges faced by the organisations highlighted earlier in the paper by (Meixell and Mario, 2008). As different Industries operate in different ways and organisations within those industries may also differ in operation and strategy example form the fashion retail industry being: Zara fashions, number one fashion retailer of the world benefited with highly agile supply chain function; highly integrated communication and inventory management system (Euromonitor International , 2011) . Where as in comparison its nearest competitor GAP utilizing a more leaner approach to reduce the uncertainty; both organisations being global brands but with different operational strategies and possessing their own comparative advantage within fashion industry. As both these companies source some of their products from global suppliers but because of difference in organisational strategies and core competency rely on different sources as Zara with its most of its operations and headquarters in Spain use more European to aid its agile approach with tradeoffs cost to small batches of inventory levels at each store every fourth week (Euromonitor International , 2011; Paloma Diaz Soloaga and Mercedes Monjo, 2010) making Zara environmentally and economical less sustainable to GAP but Zara make that up with local most manufacturing locally in Spain (Euromonitor International , 2011). As the research question converse the notion of impacts of selecting a global supplier over local supplier it is important to address the reasons for selecting one? As some nations are more comparative than other nations as explained by (Porter, 1990) possessing a unique quality that attracts organisations to select global supply chains rather than local mostly looki ng for economic sustainability (Yip, 1989; Elkington, 1994; Seuring and Muller, 2008). Organisations deciding to select a global supplier than a local supplier decreases environmental sustainable supply chain but mostly has an opposite impact on economically. Successful businesses respond to both internal and external changes and amend their strategist in the same manner. In order to ain supplies globally even with increased pressure from customer demands of being ‘green’ and highly imposed governmental regulations in most regions around the globe organisation in turn making diction hard for logistics managers to do certain trade-offs to maintain sustainability on ‘cost, quality and service’, while limiting dangerous emissions to atmosphere (IBM, 2008). Managers devising an operational strategy of an organisation analyse cost and profit in perspective of corporate goals and objectives. The main Trade-offs linked to each part of sustainable supply chain as in acquisition of raw materials sourced by inbound logistics, involves purchasing purchase of ‘green’ raw material may be costly to normal material leaving a trade-off to buy form low cost supplier or environmentally friendly. Organisation indoor to stay sustainable only trade from suppliers that are certified to International Organization of Standardization standards (ISO) has lead organisations dealing in third world countries with less awareness of ISO regulations to find alternative sources of suppliers (Wu and Dunn, 1995; Anthony D. Ross, 2012). The selection of the vendor will also influence the transpiration mode of selection as for example in third world countries there is lack of infrastructure of trains is not of high speed and precise in timing as in European countries which causes delays, unpredictability and also be unsustainable by possessing extra cost and additional CO2 emissions’; where as some don’t have facility of using road rail combination at all, in both cases trucks to transport goods from remote locations of railway station or deep seaports may increase the Carbon foot print more than of that of a normal raw marital bought from a local supplier (Wu and Dunn, 1995). Smart Packaging is another part of logistics in which organisation can do trade-off to stay environmentally sustainable as global supplies use containers to send bulk of goods packed together reducing packaging and material handling costs; another way is being minimizing protection packaging can improve space utilization and reduce handling costs (Sony Global, 2012) at each point of transportation reducing carbon footprint. Lean approach within the supply chain makes it environmentally sustainable but adds usage of ware housing costs with storage of goods in oppositions to widely uses JIT approach (smaller regular shipments) (IBM, 2008) as warehousing occupies excess and and generation of excess packaging waste hat can be reduced by using a local supplier as organisations trade-off of selecting a leaner approach while selecting a global supplier being risk of excess inventories stuck with in the warehouse with an unpredictable customer demand (Wu and Dunn, 1995) as demonstrated by Ap pendix D demonstrating an example of relationship of all variables of trade-off while comparing operational strategies with shipment consolidation used by IBM (IBM, 2008) to explain effects on environment. Reverse logistics have solved this problem of excess cost of packing and return items by the customers to be sent upstream to supplier using standardized renewable packing (Walley and Whitehead, 1994; Wu and Dunn, 1995; Anthony D. Ross, 2012)but when considering a global supplier it will be addition cost of transportation to the organisation using reverse logistics resulting in excess waste creation an unsustainable option (Talbot, Lefebvre and Lefebvre, 2007; Feo-valero, Menendez and hidalgo, 2011). Information and communications (ICT) can also played an important role in sustainable global supply chain substituting Information with inventory levels (Wu and Dunn, 1995) devising the right routs and knowing the exact times inventory arrivals, conciliation of shipments and optimising waste by minimizing large number of suppliers to just few, maximizing truckload in forward and backward supply chain over all removing uncertainty of supply chain (Mason, Lalwani and Boughton, 2007) the tradeoffs of the initial cost of implementing the ICT systems in organisation to long term sustainable benefits (IBM, 2008; Feo-valero, Menendez and hidalgo, 2011; Sony Global B, 2012). Dependent on the trade-off an organisation is willing to make over cost, service or environment organisations can select a sustainable multimodal method of transport(see Appendix E ) as trade-offs may vary according to selection of a local supplier. Conclusion This paper was aimed to answer question of how selection of global suppliers affects organisation’s sustainable supply chain strategy in light of multi-modal choice while considering the impact and what trade-offs does these organisations need do in order to achieve a sustainable supply chain? It is best to conclude this paper at notion of Industries and organisations vary in the need of supply chains dependent on the variants discussed in the paper; taken as a whole, these factors explained by (Carter and Rogers, 008; Meixell and Mario, 2008) play a very important role in selection of mode transport and over all operation strategy and an organisation should assess the trade-offs based on these factors. Whereas overall t he decision of using or changing the multi-modal used depends on an organisational willingness to be environmentally sustainable future most of the changes are both cost and eco friendly whereas some require to long protesting one on other. Works Cited Andrew, D. T. (2013) Globalisation Lecture, 8 January, [Online], Available: https://blackboard. glam. ac. uk/bbcswebdav/courses/PS4S34_2012_v1/Andrew%20Thomas%20-%20Globalisation%20Lecture. pdf [20 January 2013]. Anthony D. Ross, H. P. a. C. D. (2012) ‘Sustainability and supply chain infrastructure development’, Management Decision, vol. 50, no. 10, pp. 891-1910. Carter, C. R. and Rogers, D. S. (2008) ‘A framework of sustainable supply chain management:moving towards new theory’, International Journal of Physical Distribution Logistics Management, vol. 38, no. 5, pp. 360-87. CEFIC (2011) Guidelines for Measuring and Managing CO2 Emission from Freight Transport Operations, March, [Online], Available: http://w ww. cefic. org/Documents/IndustrySupport/Transport-and-Logistics/Best%20Practice%20Guidelines%20-%20General%20Guidelines/Cefic-ECTA%20Guidelines%20for%20measuring%20and%20managing%20CO2%20emissions%20from%20transport%20operations%20Final%2030. 03. 201 [1 April 2013]. Cunningham, W. H. J. 1982) ‘Freight Modal Choice and Competition in Transportation: A Critique and Categorization of Analysis Techniques’, TRANSPORTATION JOURNAL (American Society of Transportation Logistics Inc), vol. 21, no. 4, Summer, pp. 66-75. Dielman, H. and de Hoo, S.. (1993) ‘Toward a tailor-made process of pollution prevention and cleaner production: results and implications of the PRISMA project†, in Fisher, K. andSchott, J. ,’, Environmental Strategies for Industry Island Press, Washington, DC, no. 2, pp. 45-75. E. Bo and Hammervoll, T. (2010) ‘Cost-based pricing of transportation services in a wholesaler-carrier relationship: an MS Excel spreadsheet decision toolâ€℠¢, International Journal of Logistics: Research and Applications, vol. 13. , no. 3, pp. 197-210. Elkington, J. (1994) ‘ Towards the sustainable corporation: Win-win-win business strategies for sustainable development’, California Management Review , vol. 36, no. 2, pp. 90-100. Euromonitor International (2011) FOCUS: Zara grows in Brazil while Gap and HM dither, 7 october, [Online], Available: http://www. just-style. com/analysis/zara-grows-in-brazil-while-gap-and-hm-dither_id112354. aspx [12 February 2013]. Fawcett, S. E. and Mangan, G. M. (2002) ‘The rhetoric and reality of supply chain integration’, International Journal of Physical Distribution Logistics Management, vol. 32, no. 3, pp. 39-61. Feo-valero, M. , Menendez, l. G. nd hidalgo, R. G. (2011) ‘Valuing Freight Transport Time using Transport Demand Modelling: A Bibliographical Review’, Transport Reviews, vol. 31, no. 5, September, p. 625–651. Freight best practice, (2013) Choosing and Developing a Multi-modal Transport Solution, [Online], Available: freightbestpractice. org. uk/categories/3589_586_dulliau-amlfoddol–multi-modal-. aspx [1 March 2013]. Friedman, M. (1970) ‘The Social Responsibility of Business Is to Increase Profits’, New York Times Magazine, vol. 13, no. 32. Gerry Johnson, K. S. W. (2008) Exploring Corporate Strategy, 8th edition, London: Pearson Education. Handfield, R. B. and Nichols, J.. E. L. 2002) Supply Chain Redesign: Transforming Supply Chains into Integrated Value systems, 1st edition, United States of America: FT Press. Huge-Brodin, K. I. a. M. (2013) ‘Understanding efficiencies behind logistics service providers’ green offerings’, Management Research Review, vol. 36, no. 3, pp. 216-238. IBM (2008) Mastering carbon management:Balancing trade-offs to optimize supply chain efficiencies, [Online], Available: -05. ibm. com/de/automotive/downloads/mastering-carbon-management. pdf [1 April 2013]. Ilan Oshri, J. K. W. R. L. W. (2009) ‘Global sourcing: recent trends and issues’, Info rmation Technology People, vol. 22, no. 3, pp. 192-200. Jensen, M. C. 2002) ‘Value Maximization, Stakeholder Theory, and the Corporate Objective Function’, Business Ethics Quarterly , vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 235-56. Logistcs Cluster (2011) Logistics Operational Guide, May, [Online], Available: http://log. logcluster. org/response/transport/ [2 March 2013]. Mason, R. , Lalwani, C. and Boughton, R. (2007) ‘Combining vertical and horizontal collaboration for transport optimisation’, Supply Chain Management: An International Journal, vol. 12, no. 3, p. 187–199. Meixell, J. M. and Mario, N. (2008) ‘A review of the transportation mode choice and carrier selection literature’, The International Journal of Logistics, vol. How to cite Multi-Modal Transport System Effects on Selection of Global Supply, Papers

English Language and Linguistics System †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the English Language and Linguistics System. Answer: Introduction The purpose of this paper is to critically analyze the concept of learning games for teaching vocabulary. It is very important to examine the process of implementing learning games so as to facilitate students understanding of vocabulary (Moon, 2000). ESL students face several challenges when learning vocabulary, especially when learning foreign languages. The process of learning vocabulary is also faced by difficulties in teaching approach. Some teachers lack the ability to teach vocabulary due to lack of experience in teaching. Most of the teachers apply traditional teaching approach which may not fit the modern teaching styles that would be understood by the students (Wright, 2005). Such students face difficulties when learning vocabulary thereby taking much time to learn. Therefore, the paper will examine the importance of applying learning games to teach vocabulary to elementary students. In this framework, we apply TPR in order to demonstrate how it can be applied in teaching vocabulary. In this approach, ESL teachers and trainees apply this teaching methodology by considering practical classroom techniques (Lesikar Marie, 2008). Again, the ESL teachers apply activities recommended in the approach to enable elementary students acquire second language thereby learning new vocabularies. Again, the approach applies user-friendly content to provide a comprehensive survey of practical language teaching. It also apply certain principles of language learning and teaching. In addition, the approach considers the certain principles to develop a critical pedagogy and social responsibility. Another recommendation of total physical response is to train teachers of ESL and EFL. In that connection, the concept of language learning and language acquisition is very important to interactive approach of language learning. Use of traditional and rationalist methods is also applied in language learning thereby implementing functional and humanistic approaches to make elementary students to understand language and vocabularies (Thornbury, 2002). Lastly, the Total Physical Response Approach (TPR) is used to enhance students ability to listen and understand foreign language. In that connection, ESL students are able to respond to learning process through understanding of vocabularies. The use of learning games to teach vocabulary enable students to move, act and do things according to foreign language. The relevance of Previous Literature In this section, we review three articles so as to understand the use of learning games to teach vocabulary to elementary students. The core objective of the study is to determine the effects of using games to reinforce vocabulary learning. First, we consider the Journal of American Arabic Academy for Sciences and Technology by Muna, 2014. That is, Using Game Strategy for Motivating Students to Learn New English Vocabulary. According to Muna, there are certain problems faced by students when learning new vocabularies. The problem of memorizing new vocabularies and then using them to communicate is the main problem addressed by the author. There are many subjects that students study in elementary education. These subjects contain certain vocabularies that students are required to memorize (Richards Renandya, 2002). Learning of vocabularies in elementary schools is done using normal teaching strategies such as the use of flashcard and teaching of new words in context. However, this ap proach is not effective because students do not demonstrate any motive to memorize these vocabularies (Kuchenbecker, 2013). The use of the game as a vocabulary learning strategy is very applicable in the current elementary education. This approach acts as a motivating tool to enable students to learn and memorize new vocabularies. Motivation is one of the strategies used by teachers no make students active in classroom thereby leaning and memorizing new words. The next summary on use of games to teach vocabularies is obtained from the international electronic journal for teachers of English by Nitin Pillai, 2013. That is, Integrating Games and Vocabulary Teaching: An Exploratory Study. According to the author, students are expected to use extensive vocabulary in their academic and personal work. However, not many students have managed to achieve personal growth through the extensive use of vocabularies because they learned their vocabularies through use of inert approaches such as passive explanations (Nitin, 2013). Lack of improper methods to teach new words and vocabularies is the main contributor towards slow growth in language learning. The author recommends the use of certain games in teaching vocabularies. Some of the games that would be applicable include Hangman Grid, Crossword Puzzle, and Dumb Charades, Dice the Word, Number Clue Game and The Grid (Mills, 2003). Through the use of these games, students are able to learn new words. This strategy is very effective because as students get motivated to play the game, they learn new vocabularies. The last summary of the use of gaming strategy to teach vocabularies in elementary education is obtained from the literature of Osha Saeed Al Neyadi. That is, The Effects of Using Games to Reinforce Vocabulary Learning. According to Osha Saeed Al Neyadi, there are two main approaches to gaming that can be applied in teaching vocabularies (Muna, 2014). They include the grammar-translation method and the audio-lingual method. The use of grammar-translation is to memorize lists of vocabularies and then use them for assessments. The use of this approach focused the learning of vocabularies so as to illustrate grammar rules. On the other hand, an audio-lingual approach focused on the pronunciation of vocabularies and intensive oral drilling of new words (Brown, 1994). From the analysis and presentation of data in this research, several issues can be drawn concerning the use of games in teaching vocabularies. First, the use of games enables students to memorize new vocabularies. There is an increase in words memorization through use of games to practice and recycle vocabularies. Again, use of games to recycle and practice vocabularies increase interaction among students. Lastly, there is an increase in students motivation as a result of the use of games to practice and recycle vocabularies. Conclusion In conclusion, many researchers agreed that teaching vocabulary through games can be used to motivate students to learn language and vocabularies. This can increase the interest level of the students and ESL teachers (Theresa Hall, 2013). Moreover, it can raise student interaction and enhance student motivation in learning vocabulary. Nevertheless, there exist certain gaps in preparing strategic teaching method and activity to enhance games in teaching vocabularies. References Brown, H.D. (1994). Teaching by Principles: An Interactive Approach to Language Pedagogy. Prentice Hall Reagent. Kuchenbecker, K. (2013). "Exploring word and strategy knowledge of high school students in a German classroom." Ph.D. diss., University of Iowa. Lesikar, R., Marie, F. (2008). Basic Business Communication. New Delhi: Tata McGraw-Hill. Mills, G. E. (2003). Action research: A guide for the teacher researcher. US: Merrill Moon, J. (2000). Children Learning English. London: Macmillan. Muna, A. (2014). Using Game Strategy for Motivating Students to Learn New English Vocabulary. Journal of American Arabic Academy for Sciences and Technology, 5 (12). PP. 137-146. Nitin, P. (2013). Integrating Games and Vocabulary Teaching: An Explanatory Study. International Electronic Journal for Teachers of English, 3 (2). Pp. 98-112. Prentice Hall Press. Richards, J. C., Renandya, W. (2002). Methodology in Language Teaching: An Anthology of Current Practices. Cambridge University Press. Theresa, A.Y., Hall, H. M. (2013). Content-Based Second Language Teaching and Learning: An Interactive Approach. Pearson Publishers. Thornbury, S. (2002).How to Teach Vocabulary. London: Longman. Wright A, B. D. (2005). Games for Language Learning. New York: Cambridge University